On MacOS/iOS this abstract "unit" is called a Point (see Points vs Pixels, and PaintCode's Ultimate Guide to iPhone Resolutions), which typically matches up with the 1/72 inch definition above (for example, when printing), but not always (displaying on a monitor). And this mapping happens quite frequently, when you render to the screen, or export a bitmap image, or preview the design on your phone. You could rasterize your design to an image where each unit maps to 1, 2, 3, or even more physical pixels. That relationship is the same, no matter what physical size your design is scaled to. Let's say you design an iPhone 6/7 artboard at 375圆67 units, and it uses type with a 10 unit font size. It's easiest to think of XD as unit-less, kind of like a vector graphic, and focus instead on the relationships between elements. This whole problem of converting design units to a physical size is tricky, and so, at least for now, XD kind of sidesteps it. The pttopx converter you linked is using the conversion of number of pixels = number of points * (pixels per inch / points per inch), where the pixels per inch (or DPI) can change, and 72 is the typical number of points per inch.
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